National Geographic History

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FROM THE EDITOR

National Geographic History

Figures at the Dawn of Art • Prehistoric etchings in an Azerbaijan cave offer fresh insight into the origins of early art.

A Dynasty’s Last Missing Tomb Is Discovered • The tomb of Pharaoh Thutmose II is the first royal crypt discovered in recent years, and scientists now have powerful tools to analyze it.

IN POOR CONDITION

Three Brave Sisters Who Defied a Dictator • Also known as Las Mariposas, they became heroines who drew attention to violence against women.

The Mirabal Sisters House Museum

A TOWER THAT HONORS THEIR LEGACY

A Renaissance Dinner • A prominent cultural and intellectual movement forAfrican Americans arose from an exclusive dinner. The forthcoming literature, art, and music would shape the country.

THE LITERARY MAGIC OF ZORA NEALE HURSTON

War-Torn Village Keeps Christ’s Language Alive • Home to some of the last speakers ofAramaic, Maaloula was attacked in Syria’s civil war. Word by word, brick by brick, the village is building back.

ICONIC TARGETS

HOLDING ON TO HOPE

How a Family Heirloom Escaped Nazi Seizure • Spared from being one of 3,500 looted objects was a tiara that, with some of the reclaimed treasures, made its way to Boston.

MYCENAE THE CIVILIZATION OF PALACES • During Greece’s Bronze Age, imposing citadels were built in places such as Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns to rule over their surroundings.

THE RISE AND FALL OF MYCENAE

PALACES AND HOMERIC HEROES

THE PALACE OF MYCENAE • A reconstruction shows how the palace at Mycenae may have looked. The site featured a megaron, an area where the king would discuss matters with the elite.

THE THRONE ROOM • This illustration of a Mycenaean palace’s megaron is based on excavations and finds at Mycenaean sites, particularly at Pylos.

PALACE RECEIPTS AND INVOICES

THE ORIGINS OF THE BIBLE • When analyzing the oldest books of the Bible, including Genesis and Exodus, scholars have identified the hands of various writers and editors, from the author who produced the first core version in the 10th to ninth century B.C., to Ezra, the religious reformer who likely compiled a final version in the fifth century B.C.

THE BIBLE IN STAGES

ABRAHAM, SARAH, AND THE PHARAOH

THE PUZZLE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

MUCH MORE THAN ANCIENT COPYISTS

BRUTUS THE TYRANT KILLER TRAITOR OR DEFENDER OF THE REPUBLIC? • The Roman politician, leader, and orator became one of history’s most infamous assassins. Amid the fear of a fading republic, Marcus Junius Brutus launched a conspiracy to kill Julius Caesar.

A LIFE DEVOTED TO THE REPUBLIC

‘YOU TOO, MY CHILD?’

THE FIRST BRUTUS

PORCIA, WIFE AND ALLY

A MAN OF INTEGRITY

SUPERSTITION IN WAR

THE DEATH OF MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS • The Republican leader accepted defeat at Philippi and chose to end his life rather than flee. His biographer, Plutarch, records a disturbing apparition that foretold the end of Caesar’s assassin.

MARY STUART THE TRAGIC QUEEN • Accused of plotting her husband’s death, the young queen of Scotland was sent to prison by the country’s Protestant lords. She fled to England, only to be put to death by Elizabeth I for conspiring against her.

THE TURBULENT LIFE OF MARY STUART

STAR OF THE COURT OF THE VALOIS

ATTACK ON THE KING CONSORT

THE ENIGMA OF THE CASKET LETTERS

THE QUEEN BIDS...